-comes from Electrodynamics
Discovery
-Joseph Henry, following his discovery of induction (Electrodynamics > ^d5a89a), develops a telegraph in 1831 with an "intensity" magnet
-and by 1835 develops a relay
-develops it more and more over, including something very much like Morse's repeater
-works with people more interested in telegraph
-develops code for transmitting messages through bell sounds, later clicks
-by 1840, Princeton presents it to Congress, and gets funding to build line from NY to Philly (started in 1846)
-first message sent in 1847
-invention sold to Congress, allows for establishment of nationalized telegraph system
-subsequently Henry works at (National University of the United States of America > Smithsonian Institution) and works on stuff there as well
Rise
-Gauss and Weber look at Henry's invention and make their own telegraph
-in University of Gottingen, they make needle telegraph
-however, political prosecutions, competition with semaphore (tensions with French Republic mean a lot more of them in Germany), limit adoption
-authorities adapt system for wartime use
-in general, because Europe here is divided b/w republican and monarchist blocs, semaphore gets adopted more due to issues of nat'l security
-when electrical telegraphy gets widespread, due to semaphore, instead it's adapted so it looks very much like foy-breguet telegraph
-also, dial telegraph sees more popularity here but foy-breguet is way way more popular
-in 1860s spread of simpler Henry Code to Europe begins, but takes until 1885 in int'l congress for adoption of internationalized form of Henry Code
-in 1894, inventor Frédéric Antoine Lombardi, working on harmonic telegraphy, finds a spark gap produces a spark in nearby relay, allowing wireless transmissions
-over the next few years he tests it out, rules out that it's some faraway induction, and publishes his inventions in 1897 and talks about it being "aether waves" akin to exodal waves
-makes various experiments with help, measures speed and notices it's identical to light
-makes additional experiments, finds its reflection and refraction is a form to light
-and finds that it cannot be deflected with a magnet like exodal waves, but can be polarized like light
-and thus concludes that it is, in fact, light
-unbeknownst to him, Schrader came up with electrodynamic theory (Electrodynamics > ^adc7f8) that ensures this finding achieves widespread scientific recognition
Submarine cables
-era of making insulant out of India rubber begins in 1840s
-with only partial success as cables often fail
-and an attempt at a cable from Ireland to Wales established in 1853 fails in 1859
-another attempt from Calais to Dover erected in 1858 fails in 1864
-also without Faraday, Leyden jar effect of telegraph wire not discovered, which means that these lines have very low bandwidth
-sulphurization [vulcanization] only discovered in 1871 and this is what makes India rubber used as insulant viable
-Balata is natural rubber, very good for undersea telegraph cables
-without British Singapore existing here and no Faraday, no fortuitous discovery of insulating properties of gutta-percha so early and instead they look at something else
-instead properties of balata being natural rubber almost identical to gutta-percha result in it being used for that purpose in 1853 by French guy experimenting with Caribbean imports, sees it's a massive success
-with the US having erected telegraph lines to Port Townsend by 1859, talk of erecting line across Bering Strait
-helped by extreme difficulty of submarine cables, this wouldn't be much submarine cabling and if necessary ships can send messages
-Russia has already been laying down fuckton of cable all the way across Siberia, gets to Bering Strait in 1865
-while US sends cables across Columbia from Port Townsend to Russian Alaska by 1867, allowing for much quicker communication in matter of hours (near-instant other than voyage across Bering Strait)
-with this being shortened even more to near-instant when submarine cable laid across Bering Strait in 1872
-this is very important during Liberty and Union War (1868-76) as allows for quick news to come to and from Europe
-during Russia's Wars > Second Circassian War (1872-5), still uninterrupted but brings about talk of other cables
-and following end of Liberty and Union War (1868-76) talk of submarine cable from Wrangell to Port Townsend, gets built in 1882
-through Queen Charlotte Islands
-inspires American commercial presence in Alaska, which also kicks off Klondike Gold Rush and formation of Republic of Imalia > Republic of Alaska
-era of laying down submarine cable truly begins
-lays down reliable cable from Calais to Dover in 1867
-over 1870s cables erected across Mediterranean, Red Sea
-British Isles builds telegraph lines from Australia to Penang (figure out how - Bencoolen?) to Madras to Bombay to Egypt
-French Republic telegraph in similar year span from New Holland to Batavia to Malacca to Ceylon to Mascarene Islands to Persia to Levant to Constantinople to Paris
-and another one from Laurent Marques to Cape Colony to Republic of Angola to Lagos to Cape Verde
-eventually in 1880s connects Mascarene Islands to Laurent Marques through Merina Kingdom
-and in 1884 transatlantic telegraph line laid from Newfoundland to Ireland
-following Batavian Republic breaking its alliance w/ France, France forced to renovate its network
-in late 1880s and early 1890s cable laid through Bali through Johor's Riau Islands to Manila (Philippine Republic) and Taiwan
-another from Cape Verde to France and Cape Verde also has links to Guadeloupe
-has legacy today in diff cable network, which also delineates diff Analyzers networks (Networking)
List of lines
British Lines
-from Britain to Ireland
-from Ireland to Newfoundland, Commonwealth of Cabotia
-from Nova Scotia, Commonwealth of Cabotia to Bermuda
-from Bermuda to Barbados
-from Barbados to Ascension Island to St. Helena
-from St. Helena to Natal, Republic of Six United South African States (Auralia)
-from St. Genevieve, Republic of Imalia to Republic of Hawaii
-as a major junction
-from Republic of Haiti to New Munster, Republic of Australia
French Lines
-from French Republic proper to St. Pierre and Miquelon
-from French Republic proper to Mascara
-from French Republic proper to Egypt
-Egypt taken over
-from Egypt to Masoua
-Masoua a port which French are able to take over
-from St. Pierre and Miquelon to Portland, United States of America
-from St. Pierre and Miquelon to St. Martin
-links France to its Caribbean areas
-from St. Martin to Martinique to Tobago
-linking together the entire French Caribbean
-from Tobago to French Guiana
-from French Guiana to Salvador, Bahian Republic
-Bahian Republic having been established as a French ally though not as much today
-from Martinique to Cape Verde
-from Cape Verde to Republic of Lagos
-from Republic of Lagos to Luanda, Republic of Angola
-from Luanda, Republic of Angola to Ste. Lucie, Zulu Empire
-from Ste. Lucie, Zulu Empire to Laurent Marques, Republic of Six United South African States (Auralia)
-from Laurent Marques, Republic of Six United South African States (Auralia) to Mascarene Republic
-Mascarene islands being a very prominent telegraph hub
-from Mascarene Republic to Karachi, Punjabi Republic
-from Mascarene Republic to Mahe, French India
-from Mahe, French India to Karikal, French India to Pondicherry, French India
-from Pondicherry, French India to Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam
-Aceh being a pretty big part of French colonial system
-from Mascarene Republic to Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam
-from Mascarene Republic to Republic of New Holland
-from Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam to Sultanate of Johor Darul Tazim
-Johor trying very hard to play every colonial power together
-from Sultanate of Johor Darul Tazim to Zamboanga, Philippine Republic and Manila, Philippine Republic
-Philippines is part of French colonial system
-from Philippine Republic to Taiouanefou, Formosan Republic
-Formosan Republic being part of French colonial system
-from Sultanate of Johor Darul Tazim to Federation of Bali
-from Federation of Bali to Lorient, Republic of New Holland
Russian lines
-from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok
-ambitious project accomplished in the 1860s, finished in 1865, after long work and large balata and gutta-percha imports
-connects to Pacific network
-from Mednovtsy, Republic of Imalia to Port Townsend, United States of America
-gets to 1867
-allows for communication between the area
-from Vladivostok to Mednovtsy, Republic of Imalia
-constructed in 1872
-helps quicken communication because now people don't have to ship telegraph messages across the border
Materials
Balata
-discovered in 1855 as part of attempts to find material for submarine telegraphy
-quickly becomes the material of the telegraph industry because it's really good at insulating underwater
-United States of Italy buys Saint-Barthelemy to get a leg into the industry
Gutta-percha
-discovered very soon after discovery of balata because it's very similar
-helps create a scramble for the east indies
India rubber
-initial boom over 1820s and 30s
-but ends catastrophically because natural rubber deteriorates badly in heat
-kills industry and people who would have looked at it
-can only be used following discovery of sulphurization in 1871
-discovered by